Три: флаг, герб и гимн correct Два: флаг и герб your answer The anthem is a state symbol just like the flag and the coat of arms. It is performed at official ceremonies. Четыре: флаг, герб, гимн и столица your answer The capital is a city, not a symbol. Moscow appears in the codifier under a different item. There are three state symbols: the flag, the coat of arms and the anthem. The flag is white, blue and red from top to bottom; the arms show a double-headed eagle; the anthem's words were written by Sergei Mikhalkov and its music by Alexander Alexandrov. This question appears at every level of the exam.
22 июня your answer 22 June is the Day of Remembrance and Sorrow, the day the war began — also a commemorative date, but opposite in meaning. 9 мая correct 12 июня your answer 12 June is Russia Day, a state holiday with no connection to the war. Victory Day is celebrated on 9 May, the day the Great Patriotic War ended in 1945. The start of the war, 22 June 1941, is marked as the Day of Remembrance and Sorrow. Keep the three dates together, since they are the most often confused: 9 May for Victory, 12 June for Russia Day, 22 June for remembrance.
образование государства Русь correct крещение Руси your answer The Christianisation of Rus was in 988, the end of the 10th century — nearly a hundred years later. Куликовская битва your answer The Battle of Kulikovo was in 1380, the 14th century — five hundred years after the state of Rus was formed. At level three dates are not asked one at a time but in sequence: the exam checks whether an event sits in its right place in the chronology. The 9th century opens that sequence — nothing on the codifier's list comes before it.
при Дмитрии Донском your answer Dmitry Donskoy belongs to the 14th century and the Battle of Kulikovo. He has nothing to do with the Christianisation. при князе Владимире correct при Иване III your answer Ivan III ruled in the 15th century, five hundred years after the Christianisation. His name is tied to the gathering of the lands around Moscow. The Christianisation of Rus: 988, under Prince Vladimir. At residence-permit level the question is no longer only the year but the name: every major event on the codifier has a person attached, and confusing the princes costs more here than at patent level.
Александр Невский your answer Alexander Nevsky fought the Battle on the Ice in 1242, almost a hundred and forty years earlier. М.И. Кутузов your answer Kutuzov commanded the army in the Patriotic War of 1812 — more than four hundred years later. Дмитрий Донской correct The Battle of Kulikovo: 1380, Prince Dmitry Donskoy. The nickname is the cue — Donskoy from the river Don, beside which Kulikovo Field lay. The codifier's three commanders are easiest to hold by their wars: Nevsky in the 13th century, Donskoy in the 14th, Kutuzov in the 19th.
объединение русских земель вокруг Москвы correct крещение Руси your answer The Christianisation of Rus was in 988 under Prince Vladimir, five hundred years before Ivan III. отмена крепостного права your answer Serfdom was abolished by Alexander II in the 19th century — four hundred years later. Ivan III, also called Ivan the Great, belongs to the 15th century. Under him the scattered principalities gather around Moscow and one state appears where many lands had been. Level three asks not for a date but for the substance of a reign: why this ruler matters.
А.В. Суворов your answer Suvorov was an 18th-century commander, from the reign of Catherine II — almost two hundred years later. К. Минин и Д.М. Пожарский correct Г.К. Жуков your answer Zhukov was a commander of the Great Patriotic War, in the 20th century. The Time of Troubles is the start of the 17th century: no settled power and foreign armies in the country. In 1612 the volunteer army of Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky freed Moscow; 4 November is National Unity Day in memory of it. Their names are asked from residence-permit level up — at patent level the century is enough.
Пётр I your answer Peter I ruled at the start of the 18th century, half a century before Catherine II. Александр II your answer Alexander II belongs to the 19th century and the abolition of serfdom — a hundred years later. Екатерина II correct Catherine II ruled in the second half of the 18th century. The codifier ties her reign to the commander Suvorov, just as it ties the Patriotic War of 1812 to Kutuzov. At level three rulers are asked by period, and the century matters more than the exact year.
М.И. Кутузов correct А.В. Суворов your answer Suvorov died in 1800, twelve years before this war. Г.К. Жуков your answer Zhukov was a commander of the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945. The names of the wars are alike; the eras are not. The Patriotic War: 1812, commanded by Kutuzov. The trap in this section is two similar names — the Patriotic War of 1812 and the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945. Tell them apart by the names: Kutuzov and Napoleon for the first, Zhukov for the second.
принятие Конституции Российской Федерации your answer The Constitution was adopted in 1993, more than a hundred years after Alexander II. отмена крепостного права correct образование СССР your answer The USSR was formed in 1922, under an entirely different form of state. Alexander II belongs to the second half of the 19th century, and the codifier names his main work outright: reforms. The best known is the abolition of serfdom in 1861, after which peasants were no longer the property of a landowner.
В.И. Ленин correct И.В. Сталин your answer Stalin led the USSR later, after Lenin's death in 1924. Б.Н. Ельцин your answer Yeltsin was the first president of the Russian Federation, in the 1990s. The Russian revolution runs from 1917 to 1922 under Lenin. Four names follow one another through Soviet history and are the ones most often mixed up in the exam: Lenin at the beginning, Stalin through the war and the first post-war years, Gorbachev in the final years of the USSR, Yeltsin as Russia's first president.
в 1917 году your answer The revolution began in 1917, but the state called the USSR appeared five years later. в 1991 году your answer 1991 is the break-up of the USSR, not its founding — the end, not the beginning. в 1922 году correct The USSR was formed in 1922 and lasted until 1991 — nearly seventy years. Both dates stand side by side in the codifier and are best held as a pair: 1922 the beginning, 1991 the end. Everything the exam asks about Soviet history fits between them.
В.И. Ленин your answer Lenin died in 1924, seventeen years before the war began. И.В. Сталин correct М.С. Горбачёв your answer Gorbachev led the USSR in 1985–1991, forty years after the war. Stalin's years in charge cover both the Great Patriotic War and the rebuilding of the country after it. The codifier expects not just the name but who presided over what: the war's dates, 1941–1945, and the leader's name have to match up.
в 1993 году correct в 1991 году your answer The USSR broke up in 1991. The Constitution of the new Russia was adopted two years later. в 1922 году your answer 1922 is the founding of the USSR, which had its own, different constitution. The Constitution of the Russian Federation was adopted on 12 December 1993. It is the basic law in force, and it contains the articles on the rights of foreign nationals that the law module asks about. One more reason to fix the date: 12 June, Russia Day, is unrelated — that holiday is about something else.
договор о принятии Республики Крым в состав России your answer That treaty was signed in 2014, a year earlier. договор о создании Евразийского экономического союза correct Конституция Российской Федерации your answer The Constitution was adopted in 1993, more than twenty years before this. The treaty establishing the Eurasian Economic Union came into force in 2015. For people coming to Russia the difference between the EAEU and the CIS is not abstract: the rules for taking up employment differ for citizens of the union's member states and for other foreign nationals.
Республика Крым и город Севастополь your answer Crimea and Sevastopol joined Russia in 2014, eight years earlier. ДНР, ЛНР, Херсонская и Запорожская области correct Ленинградская и Псковская области your answer These regions have been part of Russia since Soviet times; no separate treaties were signed about them. The treaties on the admission of the Donetsk People's Republic, the Lugansk People's Republic and the Kherson and Zaporizhzhia regions were signed in 2022. The codifier's last three dates run in sequence and the exam sets them side by side precisely because they are easy to confuse: 2014 for Crimea and Sevastopol, 2015 for the EAEU, 2022 for the four new federal subjects.
А.С. Попов your answer Popov was an inventor; his name is linked to radio, not music. М.И. Глинка correct Ф.М. Достоевский your answer Dostoevsky was a writer, the author of "Crime and Punishment". Section 2.6 of the codifier lists notable figures, and it exists only at levels three and four. The names come mixed together: composers, writers, scientists, engineers. They are easier to sort by occupation than alphabetically: Glinka is a composer, and so is Tchaikovsky.
радио correct периодическую таблицу химических элементов your answer The table of elements was created by Mendeleev — another scientist from the same codifier list. первый космический корабль your answer The first spacecraft were built under the direction of Sergei Korolev, in the 20th century. Alexander Popov invented radio, at the end of the 19th century. The scientists on the codifier's list blur together easily, so hold them by field: Popov for radio, Mendeleev for chemistry, Kurchatov for nuclear physics, Korolev for spacecraft.
Л.Н. Толстой your answer Tolstoy wrote "War and Peace" and "Anna Karenina". А.С. Пушкин your answer Pushkin wrote "Eugene Onegin", and he was a poet rather than a novelist. Ф.М. Достоевский correct "Crime and Punishment" is Dostoevsky. The five writers on the codifier are most reliably held by one work each: Pushkin and "Eugene Onegin", Gogol and "Dead Souls", Tolstoy and "War and Peace", Dostoevsky and "Crime and Punishment", Sholokhov and "And Quiet Flows the Don". Reading them is not required for the exam.
химия и таблица элементов your answer That is Mendeleev. Kurchatov worked in a different field. ядерная физика correct радио your answer Radio was invented by Popov, at the end of the 19th century. Igor Kurchatov was a physicist who led the Soviet atomic project. On the codifier's list he stands next to Korolev, and the pairing is not accidental: both are mid-20th-century scientists whose work shaped the technology of their time.
Ю.А. Гагарин your answer Gagarin was the first cosmonaut: he flew the craft, he did not build it. И.В. Курчатов your answer Kurchatov worked in nuclear physics, a different field. С.П. Королёв correct Sergei Korolev was the engineer under whose direction the first spacecraft were built. The pair Korolev and Gagarin comes up often and is settled by one question: who built it and who flew it. Gagarin's flight, in 1961, has its own code in the codifier.
победа в Великой Отечественной войне correct первый полёт человека в космос your answer Gagarin's flight was in 1961, after Stalin's time. распад СССР your answer The USSR broke up in 1991, almost forty years later. The level-three codifier asks not for dates in themselves but for which ruler an event belongs to. The victory of 1945 falls in Stalin's time; Gagarin's 1961 flight does not, and the break-up of the USSR in 1991 belongs to Gorbachev.
Первая мировая война your answer The First World War ran from 1914 to 1918, a hundred years after 1812. Великая Отечественная война your answer The Great Patriotic War ran from 1941 to 1945. The names are alike, but a hundred and thirty years separate the wars. Отечественная война correct The war of 1812 is called the Patriotic War; the war of 1941–1945 is the Great Patriotic War. This is the commonest confusion in the whole history module, and it rests on a single word. Check yourself by the commander: Kutuzov for 1812, Zhukov for 1941–1945.
«Стоянием» на реке Угре в 1480 году correct Куликовской битвой 1380 года your answer Kulikovo was the first great victory over the Horde, but its rule went on for another hundred years. Winning a battle and ending dependence are not the same. Ледовым побоищем 1242 года your answer The Battle on the Ice was fought against the Livonian Order in the west and has nothing to do with the Horde. The words “Order” and “Horde” look alike and get confused. In 1480 the armies of Ivan III and Khan Akhmat faced each other across the river Ugra and withdrew without a battle. That event marks the end of Horde rule, which had lasted since the 1240s. The order is easy to remember: 1237–1241 the invasion, 1380 the first great victory, 1480 the end of dependence — exactly a century between the last two.
Царь correct Генеральный секретарь your answer That is a Soviet post of the 20th century — four hundred years after Ivan the Terrible. Император your answer The first emperor was Peter I in 1721 — nearly two centuries later. Ivan IV was crowned in 1547 and became the first Russian tsar. Before him rulers held the title of grand prince. The Russian sequence of titles runs: prince — grand prince — tsar (from 1547) — emperor (from 1721). Learn the whole chain: questions about titles come up repeatedly.
Военной промышленности your answer Stolypin worked on land and peasant resettlement, not on factories or the army. Сельского хозяйства correct Космической отрасли your answer Space belongs to the second half of the 20th century; Stolypin was killed in 1911. Pyotr Stolypin chaired the Council of Ministers from 1906 to 1911. His main reform was agrarian: peasants were allowed to leave the commune with their plot, and resettlement to Siberia was encouraged. In the exam Stolypin’s name is always tied to land; if agriculture is among the options, it is almost certainly the answer.
1957 your answer 1957 is the launch of the first artificial satellite. It carried no human — a different event. 1961 correct 1969 your answer 1969 is the American Moon landing. Space again, but a different country and a different event. On 12 April 1961 Yuri Gagarin made the world’s first human spaceflight aboard Vostok. It lasted 108 minutes — one orbit of the Earth. Since then 12 April has been Cosmonautics Day. Three dates of the space age are confused most often: 1957 the satellite, 1961 Gagarin, 1963 Tereshkova, the first woman.
В XIII веке, в 1237 году correct В 988 году your answer 988 is the Christianisation of Rus, 250 years before the invasion — an event of a wholly different era. В 1380 году your answer 1380 is Kulikovo — a fight against rule already established, not its beginning. The Mongol invasion began in 1237 with Batu’s campaign against Ryazan and lasted until 1241. It resulted in Horde rule, which continued until 1480. The dates of this block come in a pair: 1237–1241 the beginning, 1480 the end. Between them lie 240 years, and everything inside is struggle — neither beginning nor end.
Война с Наполеоном your answer The war of 1812 came half a century after this era and is unconnected to it. Период частой смены правителей после Петра I correct Строительство дворцов в Петербурге your answer The word “palace” misleads: it is not about buildings but about power changing hands inside the palace, by the guards. The era of palace coups covers 1725–1762 — between the death of Peter I and the accession of Catherine II. Six rulers changed in thirty-seven years, and they came to power not by law but by the force of the guards regiments. “Palace” here means “inside the palace”: these were not popular uprisings.
В 2014 году correct В 1991 году your answer 1991 is the break-up of the USSR. Crimea then remained part of newly independent Ukraine. В 2022 году your answer 2022 is the start of the special military operation and treaties on other territories. Crimea joined Russia eight years earlier. The treaty was signed on 18 March 2014; the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol joined Russia. The event is in the exam codifier and the date is asked. Do not confuse it with 2022: different events, different territories.
Поэт и писатель correct Композитор your answer The list also has composers — Glinka and Tchaikovsky. Pushkin wrote poetry and prose, not music. Учёный your answer The scientists on the list are Lomonosov, Mendeleev, Popov and Kurchatov. Pushkin had nothing to do with science. Alexander Pushkin was a poet and writer regarded as the founder of the modern Russian literary language. The codifier lists thirteen names in four groups: literature (Pushkin, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Mikhalkov), science and technology (Lomonosov, Mendeleev, Popov, Kurchatov, Korolev, Kalashnikov), music (Glinka, Tchaikovsky) and space (Gagarin). Learn them by group, not as a list.
Изобрёл радио your answer Radio is associated with Alexander Popov. Both were scientists, but their discoveries differ. Создал периодическую систему химических элементов correct Руководил первым полётом человека в космос your answer The space programme was led by Sergei Korolev and the flight was made by Yuri Gagarin. Mendeleev lived a century earlier. Dmitry Mendeleev created the periodic table of the chemical elements, the chart that hangs in every school chemistry room. Each scientist in the codifier group has his own discovery: Lomonosov founded Moscow University, Mendeleev the table, Popov radio, Kurchatov atomic physics, Korolev the rockets, Kalashnikov the rifle.
«Преступление и наказание» your answer Crime and Punishment was written by Fyodor Dostoevsky. Both writers are on the codifier list and are often confused. «Евгений Онегин» your answer Eugene Onegin is Alexander Pushkin's novel in verse, written half a century before Tolstoy. «Война и мир» correct Lev Tolstoy wrote War and Peace, set during the Patriotic War of 1812. The three writers in the codifier attach to their books: Pushkin to Eugene Onegin, Tolstoy to War and Peace, Dostoevsky to Crime and Punishment. Sergei Mikhalkov is on the same list as the author of the words of the national anthem.
Первым в мире полетел в космос correct Создал автомат Калашникова your answer The rifle was designed by Mikhail Kalashnikov, whose surname is in its name. Both are in the codifier, but their fields differ. Написал музыку государственного гимна your answer The anthem's music was written by Alexander Alexandrov and its words by Sergei Mikhalkov. Gagarin was a cosmonaut. On 12 April 1961 Yuri Gagarin became the first person in space. In the codifier list he stands next to Sergei Korolev, the designer who built the rockets but never flew. It is a common pairing in the exam: one built, the other flew.
Пётр Чайковский your answer Tchaikovsky was a nineteenth-century composer, author of the ballets Swan Lake and The Nutcracker. He had nothing to do with the anthem. Сергей Михалков correct Михаил Ломоносов your answer Lomonosov lived in the eighteenth century — a scientist and founder of Moscow University. The anthem was written much later. The words of the national anthem were written by Sergei Mikhalkov and the music by Alexander Alexandrov. The anthem is one of the three state symbols alongside the flag and coat of arms, so a question about it may come from either the symbols section or the names section.
Полководец your answer The commanders in Russian history are Suvorov, Kutuzov and Zhukov. Kalashnikov did not command troops; he designed weapons. Физик, работавший над атомным проектом your answer The atomic project was led by Igor Kurchatov. Both are on the list, but in different fields. Конструктор стрелкового оружия correct Mikhail Kalashnikov was a small-arms designer and creator of the rifle that bears his name. He closes the list of names in the codifier. The easiest way to learn them is in pairs of name and achievement: Kurchatov and the atom, Korolev and the rocket, Kalashnikov and the rifle, Popov and radio.
Учёный и основатель Московского университета correct Первый российский император your answer The first emperor was Peter I. Lomonosov lived in the same century but was a scientist, not a ruler. Композитор your answer The composers in the codifier are Glinka and Tchaikovsky. Lomonosov worked in science and literature. Mikhail Lomonosov was an eighteenth-century scientist on whose initiative Moscow University was founded; the university bears his name today. He worked in chemistry, physics and the Russian language at once — a rare case of one name covering several fields.
Дмитрий Донской your answer Dmitry Donskoy won the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380, nearly a century and a half later. Александр Невский correct Иван Грозный your answer Ivan the Terrible ruled in the sixteenth century, three hundred years after the Battle on the Ice. In 1242 the Novgorod army under Prince Alexander Nevsky defeated the knights on the ice of Lake Peipus — the Battle on the Ice. The codifier's two medieval battles go in a pair and are constantly confused: 1242 with Nevsky, 1380 with Donskoy.
Было отменено крепостное право your answer Serfdom was abolished by Alexander II in 1861, a century and a half after Peter I. Был образован Советский Союз your answer The USSR was formed in 1922, two hundred years after Peter I. The empire and the Soviet Union are different eras. Россия стала империей и был основан Санкт-Петербург correct Under Peter I Russia was proclaimed an empire and he became its first emperor; Saint Petersburg was founded in 1703 and became the capital. Peter I fought Sweden and brought the country out to the Baltic Sea.
Распался СССР и было создано Содружество Независимых Государств correct Была принята Конституция Российской Федерации your answer The Constitution was adopted in 1993, two years after the break-up of the USSR. The dates are adjacent and often swapped. Был образован СССР your answer The USSR was formed in 1922. 1991 is its end, not its beginning — one pair of dates, two opposite events. In 1991 the USSR ceased to exist and the Commonwealth of Independent States was created. Two years later, in 1993, the Constitution of the Russian Federation was adopted. Four modern dates come in sequence and are the most often confused: 1922 for the founding of the USSR, 1991 for its break-up, 1993 for the Constitution, 2014 for Crimea.
Только православие your answer Orthodoxy is the most widespread but not the only traditional religion. Russia is a multi-ethnic country. Православие, ислам, буддизм и иудаизм correct Религия в России запрещена your answer The Constitution guarantees freedom of religion. There is no ban; there is a secular state, which is a different thing. The traditional religions of Russia are considered to be Orthodox Christianity, Islam, Buddhism and Judaism. Russia is a secular state: religion is separate from the state and freedom of worship is guaranteed by the Constitution. At permanent-residence level this section is compulsory, and it asks about composition and equality rather than doctrine.
Романа «Война и мир» your answer War and Peace was written by Lev Tolstoy. Tchaikovsky wrote music, not books. Периодической системы элементов your answer The periodic system was created by Dmitry Mendeleev. Tchaikovsky was a composer. Балетов «Лебединое озеро» и «Щелкунчик» correct Pyotr Tchaikovsky was a nineteenth-century composer, author of the ballets Swan Lake, The Nutcracker and The Sleeping Beauty. The codifier's other composer is Mikhail Glinka, called the founder of Russian classical music.
