Куликовская битва correct Отмена крепостного права your answer Serfdom was abolished in 1861. The Battle of Kulikovo was in 1380, almost five centuries earlier. Основание Санкт-Петербурга your answer Saint Petersburg was founded in 1703 under Peter I, more than three hundred years after the Battle of Kulikovo. The order is: 1380 Kulikovo, 1703 the founding of Saint Petersburg, 1861 the abolition of serfdom. The citizenship exam asks about sequence more often than about individual dates: the list of facts is longer than at other levels, and centuries are easier to hold than years.
Михаил Горбачёв your answer Gorbachev was president of the USSR, not of Russia. Different states, different offices. Владимир Ленин your answer Lenin led the state after the 1917 revolution, when the office of president did not exist. Борис Ельцин correct Boris Yeltsin was the first president of the Russian Federation, elected in 1991. Keep the two offices and two states apart: Gorbachev was president of the USSR, Yeltsin of Russia. It is one of the commonest confusions in modern history, since both held power in 1991.
Георгий Жуков correct Юрий Гагарин your answer Gagarin was a cosmonaut who flew into space in 1961, sixteen years after the war. Дмитрий Менделеев your answer Mendeleev was a nineteenth-century scientist who died in 1907, thirty-four years before the war began. Georgy Zhukov was a Marshal of the Soviet Union and one of the principal commanders of the Great Patriotic War; he took the Victory Parade in 1945. In the citizenship list soldiers, scientists, cosmonauts and cultural figures are mixed together, so check yourself by era rather than by name.
К 2014 году your answer 2014 is the year of the treaty admitting Crimea and Sevastopol — a separate codifier item and a different date. К 2022 году correct К 2015 году your answer 2015 is the year the Eurasian Economic Union treaty entered into force — an economic event unrelated to this item. The citizenship codifier assigns the start of the special military operation and the treaties admitting new regions to 2022. It is the most recent item in the list of historical dates, and the exam asks it in the same wording as the document.
Москва your answer Moscow is first mentioned in the chronicles only in 1147 — three centuries after the state appeared. Новгород your answer Novgorod is ancient and important, but the chronicle names a different capital for the united state: Prince Oleg moved it south. Киев correct Two dates: 862 — the founding of the state; 882 — Kyiv becomes the capital when Prince Oleg united Novgorod and Kyiv. Hence Kievan Rus.
Русские земли попали в зависимость от Орды correct Русь отбила нашествие и осталась свободной your answer The invasion was not repelled: the cities fell, and a dependence lasting more than two centuries began. Монголы приняли христианство и остались на Руси your answer The Horde was a separate state with its own capital; its troops did not settle in Rus. The dependence took the form of tribute and princely patents. Batu’s invasion of 1237–1241 ended with the Rus lands becoming dependent on the Horde: the principalities paid tribute and received patents to rule. This lasted until 1480.
Куликовской битвой 1380 года your answer The Battle of Kulikovo was an important victory, but dependence continued: two years later Tokhtamysh sacked Moscow. Стоянием на реке Угре в 1480 году correct Взятием Казани в 1552 году your answer The Khanate of Kazan was one of the states that emerged after the Horde broke up; taking Kazan belonged to a later era — dependence had ended seventy years earlier. In 1480 the armies of Ivan III and Khan Akhmat stood on the Ugra river for a month and dispersed without a major battle. That date is taken as the end of Horde rule.
Царь correct Император your answer The title of emperor was taken by Peter I in 1721 — nearly two centuries after Ivan IV. Великий князь your answer Ivan IV’s predecessors, including his grandfather Ivan III, were grand princes. What was new was the title of tsar. In 1547 Ivan IV was crowned tsar — the first in Russian history to take that title. Under him the khanates of Kazan and Astrakhan were annexed and the settlement of Siberia began.
Санкт-Петербург correct Севастополь your answer Sevastopol was founded in 1783 under Catherine II, almost eighty years after Peter. Владивосток your answer Vladivostok was founded in 1860 in the Far East — a different era and the other end of the country. St Petersburg was founded in 1703 and was the capital for more than two hundred years. Under Peter I Russia gained access to the Baltic, built a fleet, and in 1721 became an empire.
Отменили крепостное право correct Приняли первую Конституцию your answer The first constitution came in 1918, after the revolution. 1861 was about the personal freedom of peasants, not a basic law. Отменили монархию your answer The monarchy fell in 1917. Alexander II was himself the emperor and carried out his reforms as monarch. On 19 February 1861 Alexander II signed the manifesto abolishing serfdom: peasants gained personal freedom. He is called the Liberator for it. Judicial, local-government and military reforms followed.
Император Николай II отрёкся от престола correct Началась Великая Отечественная война your answer The Great Patriotic War began on 22 June 1941 — twenty-four years later. Образовался СССР your answer The USSR was formed in December 1922, after the Civil War. February 1917 was the fall of the monarchy, not the founding of a new state. In February 1917 Nicholas II abdicated and the monarchy fell. In October of the same year power passed to the Bolsheviks under Lenin, and the Civil War began.
Пятнадцать your answer Fifteen republics existed in the USSR later, towards its end. In 1922 the treaty was signed by four. Четыре correct Одна your answer A union by definition joins several republics: a single republic cannot be a union. The treaty founding the USSR was signed on 30 December 1922 by four republics: the RSFSR, Ukraine, Belorussia and Transcaucasia. Their number later grew to fifteen.
Сталинградскую битву correct Бородинское сражение your answer Borodino was in 1812, in the war against Napoleon — a hundred and thirty years earlier. Полтавскую битву your answer Poltava was 1709, the Great Northern War under Peter I — another era, another enemy. The Battle of Stalingrad (17 July 1942 – 2 February 1943) ended with the encirclement and destruction of the German army; the strategic initiative passed to the Soviet Union. The war ran from 22 June 1941 to 9 May 1945.
Первый полёт человека в космос correct Первый полёт женщины в космос your answer Valentina Tereshkova flew in 1963, two years after Gagarin. Первый выход человека в открытый космос your answer The first spacewalk was made by Alexei Leonov in 1965 — also a world first, but a different one and later. On 12 April 1961 Yuri Gagarin made the first human spaceflight aboard Vostok: 108 minutes and one orbit of the Earth. Since 1962 the date has been Cosmonautics Day.
Оттепель your answer The “Thaw” refers to Khrushchev’s time, the 1950s–60s. Perestroika came thirty years later. Перестройка correct Коллективизация your answer Collectivisation was the merging of peasants into collective farms under Stalin in the late 1920s–1930s — neither the time nor the meaning matches perestroika. Perestroika was Gorbachev’s policy from 1985: economic reform plus glasnost, the opening up of public debate. It led to changes that ended with the collapse of the USSR in 1991.
Указом Президента your answer A decree is one person’s decision, but the Constitution was adopted by the people in a vote — that is what “nationwide” means. Решением Государственной Думы your answer The State Duma was created by this very Constitution: a body cannot adopt the document that establishes it. Всенародным голосованием correct The Constitution of the Russian Federation was adopted by nationwide vote on 12 December 1993. It is the country’s basic law: it sets out human rights and freedoms, the system of government bodies and the federal structure.
Четыре correct Два your answer Two new regions joined Russia in 2014 — the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol. In 2022 there were more. Восемь your answer No such number of regions was admitted in 2022. The figure is stated in the treaties and is half that. On 30 September 2022 treaties were signed admitting four new regions to the Russian Federation: the Donetsk People’s Republic, the Luhansk People’s Republic, and Zaporizhzhia and Kherson regions.
А.С. Пушкин your answer Pushkin was a poet of the early 19th century, author of Eugene Onegin and The Captain’s Daughter. War and Peace came later and by someone else. Л.Н. Толстой correct А.П. Чехов your answer Chekhov wrote short stories and plays — The Cherry Orchard, The Seagull. He wrote no long novels at all. War and Peace was written by Leo Tolstoy in the 1860s. A novel about the 1812 war against Napoleon, it is among the best-known works of Russian literature worldwide.
Д.И. Менделеев correct М.В. Ломоносов your answer Lomonosov lived in the 18th century and did much else: he founded Moscow University and worked in physics and chemistry. The periodic law was discovered a century after him. И.П. Павлов your answer Pavlov was a physiologist and the first Russian Nobel laureate; he studied digestion and conditioned reflexes, not chemical elements. Dmitri Mendeleev discovered the periodic law in 1869. The table named after him hangs in every chemistry classroom in the world.
С.П. Королёв correct Ю.А. Гагарин your answer Gagarin was a cosmonaut: he flew the craft, he did not design it. А.Д. Сахаров your answer Sakharov was a physicist who worked on the hydrogen bomb and later a human-rights campaigner. He had no part in spacecraft design. Sergei Korolev led the creation of the first satellite (1957) and of Vostok, the craft Gagarin flew. His name was kept secret in his lifetime; he was known only as “the Chief Designer”.
Валентина Терешкова your answer Tereshkova was the first woman in space (1963), but she never made a spacewalk. Алексей Леонов correct Герман Титов your answer Titov was the second man in space, spending a full day in orbit in 1961. A spacewalk is a different achievement. On 18 March 1965 Alexei Leonov became the first person to walk in space, spending about twelve minutes outside the craft.
Республика Крым и город Севастополь вошли в состав России correct Была принята Конституция your answer The Constitution was adopted in 1993. 2014 was about something else — the admission of new regions. Распался СССР your answer The USSR ceased to exist in 1991, twenty-three years earlier. In March 2014 the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol joined the Russian Federation following a referendum.
1147 your answer 1147 is the first mention of Moscow. The state is nearly three centuries older than Moscow. 862 correct 988 your answer 988 is the Christianisation of Rus. The state had existed for over a century by then. The chronicle dates the calling of Rurik and the founding of the state of Rus to 862. The three key early dates run: 862 the founding of the state, 988 the Christianisation under Prince Vladimir, 1147 the first mention of Moscow. These are asked most often and confused most often.
Кузьма Минин и Дмитрий Пожарский correct Александр Невский и Дмитрий Донской your answer Both princes lived three to four centuries earlier and fought different enemies. Пётр I и Александр Меншиков your answer Peter I was born sixty years after Moscow was liberated — the following century. In 1612 a popular militia led by the town elder Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky freed Moscow from Polish-Lithuanian forces, ending the Time of Troubles. Their monument stands on Red Square, and 4 November is National Unity Day in memory of this event.
Царь your answer The first tsar was Ivan IV in 1547. Peter I inherited the title and replaced it with emperor. Великий князь your answer Rulers were grand princes until 1547. By Peter I’s time the title was long out of use. Император correct In 1721, after victory in the Great Northern War, Peter I took the title of emperor and Russia became an empire. The full chain of titles: prince — grand prince — tsar (Ivan IV, 1547) — emperor (Peter I, 1721). The codifier also includes the founding of Saint Petersburg in 1703 and access to the Baltic.
Дмитрий Донской your answer Dmitry Donskoy belongs to the 14th century and Kulikovo — four hundred years before Catherine II. Александр Суворов correct Георгий Жуков your answer Zhukov was a marshal of the Great Patriotic War — the 20th century, a century and a half after Catherine II. Alexander Suvorov was Catherine II’s commander, never defeated in battle. The codifier lists Grigory Potemkin beside him, a statesman of the same period. The rule for such questions is simple: the name and the century must match. Catherine II reigned 1762–1796.
Отечественной войной correct Великой Отечественной войной your answer The Great Patriotic War was fought against Germany in 1941–1945. Similar names, different wars, more than a century apart. Северной войной your answer The Great Northern War was fought against Sweden under Peter I, 1700–1721 — another century, another enemy. The war of 1812 is called the Patriotic War: the whole country rose against Napoleon’s army. Alexander I was on the throne. Do not confuse it with the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945 — the commonest mistake in this block. They differ by one word, “Great”, and by 129 years.
Отмена смертной казни your answer The death penalty was not abolished in 1861. A moratorium came only in the 1990s. Введение всеобщего высшего образования your answer Universal higher education was never introduced. Alexander II’s reforms concerned local government, the courts and the army. Отмена крепостного права correct On 19 February 1861 Alexander II signed the manifesto abolishing serfdom, freeing millions of peasants from personal bondage; he is called the Liberator for it. The codifier groups the Great Reforms of the 1860s–70s together: local government, courts and the army are asked alongside the peasant reform.
Владимир Ленин your answer Lenin was never an emperor: he headed the government after the revolution that overthrew the monarchy. Николай II correct Александр III your answer Alexander III was Nicholas II’s father and ruled until 1894. One more emperor came after him. Nicholas II reigned from 1894 to 1917 and was Russia’s last emperor. His reign saw the first Russian revolution and Stolypin’s reforms. He abdicated in 1917 and the monarchy ended. Learn the last rulers in order: Alexander II — Alexander III — Nicholas II.
Иосиф Сталин your answer Stalin came to power later, in the 1920s, after Lenin’s death. Владимир Ленин correct Николай II your answer Nicholas II is the emperor who was overthrown — the revolution ended his rule. Vladimir Lenin headed the Soviet government after the October Revolution of 1917. The codifier calls 1917–1922 the Russian Revolution, including the Civil War. The order of 20th-century leaders: Lenin — Stalin — Khrushchev — Brezhnev — Gorbachev. This chain is asked in various forms.
Два года: с 1943 по 1945 your answer 1943 was the turning point (Stalingrad, Kursk), not the start. The war had been going for two years by then. Шесть лет: с 1939 по 1945 your answer 1939 is the start of the Second World War. The Great Patriotic War is the part of it that began on 22 June 1941. Четыре года: с 1941 по 1945 correct The Great Patriotic War ran from 22 June 1941 to 9 May 1945 — nearly four years. Do not confuse it with the Second World War (1939–1945): the Great Patriotic War is part of it, not the whole. Both dates are in the codifier and the difference is asked separately.
При Михаиле Горбачёве your answer Gorbachev led the USSR from 1985 — twenty-four years after the flight. При Иосифе Сталине your answer Stalin died in 1953, eight years before Gagarin’s flight. При Никите Хрущёве correct Gagarin’s flight of 12 April 1961 took place under Nikita Khrushchev, who led the country from 1953 to 1964. The codifier groups Khrushchev and Brezhnev into one block, 1953–1982. Keep events tied to leaders: that is the second way of asking the same thing.
Содружество Независимых Государств (СНГ) correct Евразийский экономический союз (ЕАЭС) your answer The EAEU treaty came into force in 2015 — twenty-four years later, a different union with a different membership. Организация Объединённых Наций (ООН) your answer The UN was founded in 1945, right after the Second World War, with the USSR among its founders. In December 1991 the dissolution of the USSR was formalised and the Commonwealth of Independent States was created. Fifteen republics became independent; Russia is the USSR’s legal successor internationally. The codifier lists two post-Soviet unions: the CIS (1991) and the EAEU (2015). Their dates and membership are asked separately.
Конституция Российской Федерации correct Договор о создании СССР your answer The treaty founding the USSR was signed in 1922, seventy-one years earlier. Декларация о суверенитете your answer The declaration of RSFSR sovereignty was adopted in 1990, before the USSR broke up — a different document and a different year. The Constitution of the Russian Federation was adopted by nationwide vote on 12 December 1993. It is the country’s basic law, above every other law. For those preparing for citizenship the content matters too: article 2 names the person, their rights and freedoms as the highest value, and chapter 2 lists rights, some of which apply to foreign nationals as well.
В 2022 году your answer 2022 is the special military operation and treaties on other territories. Crimea joined eight years earlier. В 2014 году correct В 2008 году your answer Crimea did not join Russia in 2008 — a different event and a different year. The treaty was signed on 18 March 2014: the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol joined Russia. The codifier places this in the period of V. V. Putin’s leadership together with the EAEU treaty entering force in 2015 and the start of the special military operation. Three dates in sequence, told apart by content rather than proximity.
Андрей Рублёв correct Александр Пушкин your answer Pushkin was a 19th-century poet, not a painter — he is called the founder of the modern Russian literary language. Юрий Гагарин your answer Gagarin was a cosmonaut of the 20th century, unrelated to icon painting. Andrei Rublev was a 15th-century icon painter, author of the Trinity. The codifier lists cultural figures by era: 14th–18th centuries — Theophanes the Greek, Andrei Rublev, Ivan Fyodorov; 19th to early 20th — Pushkin and others. The question always comes down to matching a name with an occupation and a century.
Дмитрий Донской correct Кузьма Минин your answer Minin belongs to 1612 and the liberation of Moscow from Polish-Lithuanian forces — another era, another enemy. Иван Грозный your answer Ivan the Terrible ruled in the 16th century, a century and a half after the battle. The Battle of Kulikovo took place on 8 September 1380. Prince Dmitry of Moscow defeated the army of the commander Mamai and earned the name Donskoy. It was the first great victory over the Horde, but dependence ended only in 1480 with the standoff on the Ugra — exactly a century later. Both dates are in the codifier.
Двадцать пять your answer There was never such a number of union republics. Twenty-five is close to the count of today’s CIS and EAEU states, not to Soviet republics. Пятнадцать correct Четыре your answer Four republics existed when the USSR was founded in 1922. By 1991 there were fifteen. The USSR was founded on 30 December 1922 by four republics: the RSFSR, Ukraine, Belarus and the Transcaucasian federation. By 1991 there were fifteen, all of which became independent states. Two dates — 1922 and 1991, beginning and end — with different counts: four and fifteen.
Александр Невский correct Пётр I your answer Peter I fought Sweden in the 18th century — nearly five centuries after the Battle on the Ice. Михаил Кутузов your answer Kutuzov commanded in the Patriotic War of 1812 against Napoleon — another century, another enemy. The Battle on the Ice took place on 5 April 1242 on Lake Peipus, where Prince Alexander Yaroslavich’s Novgorod army defeated the Livonian Order. Two years earlier the same prince beat the Swedes on the Neva, hence the name Nevsky. In the codifier this sits beside the Mongol invasion: 1237–1241 from the east, 1242 from the west.
В Санкт-Петербурге your answer The city was then Leningrad and endured a siege, not the turning-point battle — a different event of the war. В Москве your answer The Battle of Moscow in 1941 halted the advance on the capital, but the turning point is considered Stalingrad. В Сталинграде correct The Battle of Stalingrad ran from July 1942 to February 1943 and marked the turning point of the Great Patriotic War: after it the strategic initiative passed to the Red Army. Three events to keep apart: the Battle of Moscow (1941), Stalingrad (1942–1943), the Siege of Leningrad (1941–1944).
Объединение княжеств вокруг Москвы your answer Unification is the opposite process and began later. Fragmentation came first. Распад единого государства на самостоятельные княжества correct Принятие христианства your answer The baptism of Rus took place in 988, two centuries before the fragmentation, and concerns religion rather than political structure. From the mid-twelfth century the single state of Rus broke up into independent principalities, each with its own prince, army and laws. Fragmentation weakened Rus and made the thirteenth-century invasion easier. The reverse process — gathering the lands around Moscow — began in the fourteenth century.
Император your answer The title of emperor was first taken by Peter I in 1721, almost two hundred years after Ivan the Terrible. Великий князь your answer Rulers of Rus before Ivan IV, including his father and grandfather, were grand princes. What was new was the title of tsar. Царь correct Ivan IV the Terrible was the first in Russian history to take the title of tsar, in 1547. Under him the state expanded eastwards. The chain of titles is short and is tested: grand prince — tsar (Ivan IV) — emperor (Peter I).
Период XVIII века, когда правители сменялись с помощью гвардии correct Период гражданской войны your answer The civil war was in 1917–1922, two centuries later. Palace coups were changes of ruler within the court, not a war. Период монгольского нашествия your answer The invasion was in the thirteenth century. Palace coups took place in the eighteenth, already within the Russian Empire. The era of palace coups covers the period between the death of Peter I in 1725 and the accession of Catherine II in 1762: rulers changed often and the guards regiments were decisive. It appears only in the citizenship codifier.
При Александре II your answer Alexander II ruled in the nineteenth century and was killed in 1881, thirty-three years before the war began. При Николае II correct При Петре I your answer Peter I ruled at the turn of the eighteenth century, two hundred years before the First World War. Nicholas II was the last Russian emperor, reigning from 1894. Under him Russia entered the First World War in 1914, and in 1917 he abdicated, ending the monarchy. Hold the chain of the last rulers: Alexander II — Alexander III — Nicholas II, then Lenin.
Борис Ельцин your answer Yeltsin became the first president of Russia after the USSR broke up. He led Russia, not the Soviet Union. Леонид Брежнев your answer Brezhnev led the USSR until 1982; two more leaders came before Gorbachev. Михаил Горбачёв correct Mikhail Gorbachev led the USSR from 1985 and was its last head: in 1991 the Soviet Union ceased to exist. His name is linked with perestroika and glasnost. After the break-up Boris Yeltsin became Russia's first president.
Николай Гоголь correct Михаил Глинка your answer Glinka was a composer, the founder of Russian classical music. He wrote operas, not books. Дмитрий Менделеев your answer Mendeleev was a chemist, creator of the periodic table, with no connection to literature. Nikolai Gogol was a nineteenth-century writer, author of Dead Souls, The Overcoat and The Government Inspector. The citizenship codifier has a wider list of names than the other levels. Learn them by era and field.
Иван Курчатов your answer Kurchatov led the Soviet atomic project in the mid-twentieth century. Radio was invented half a century earlier. Александр Попов correct Сергей Королёв your answer Korolev was a rocket designer working in the mid-twentieth century. His field was space, not communications. Alexander Popov invented radio, demonstrating the first receiver in 1895. Each scientist in the codifier group has his own achievement: Lomonosov the university, Mendeleev the periodic table, Popov radio, Tsiolkovsky the theory of spaceflight, Kurchatov atomic physics, Korolev rockets.
Юрий Гагарин your answer Gagarin was the first into space in 1961, but he did not leave the spacecraft. The first spacewalk is a different event and a different person. Валентина Терешкова your answer Tereshkova was the first woman in space, in 1963. She did not make a spacewalk. Алексей Леонов correct Alexei Leonov made the world's first spacewalk in 1965. The codifier's three cosmonauts go together and get confused: Gagarin the first flight in 1961, Tereshkova the first woman in 1963, Leonov the first spacewalk in 1965.
Отмена крепостного права correct Начало Первой мировой войны your answer The First World War began in 1914, more than half a century later. Образование СССР your answer The USSR was formed in 1922, sixty years later and after the revolution. In 1861 Emperor Alexander II abolished serfdom: peasants ceased to be the property of landowners. This spurred industrial growth as freed peasants went to work in factories and railway building began. The 1861 reform was followed by judicial, local-government and military reforms — together the Great Reforms.
Рюриковичи your answer The Rurikids ruled until the Time of Troubles and died out at the end of the sixteenth century. That is precisely why a tsar had to be elected in 1613. Романовы correct Годуновы your answer Boris Godunov ruled briefly, before the Time of Troubles, and founded no dynasty. In 1613 Mikhail Romanov was elected. In 1613 the Assembly of the Land elected Mikhail Romanov as tsar, beginning the Romanov dynasty that ruled until 1917, more than three hundred years. Before them came the Rurikids, whose line ended in the late sixteenth century; the interregnum between them is the Time of Troubles.
При Петре I your answer Peter I moved the capital to Saint Petersburg — the opposite move. Unification around Moscow was complete two hundred years earlier. При Александре Невском your answer Alexander Nevsky ruled in the thirteenth century, at the height of fragmentation and Horde dependence. Unification began later. При Иване III correct Under Ivan III, ruling in the second half of the fifteenth century, the Russian lands gathered around Moscow into a single state. In 1480, after the standoff on the Ugra, dependence on the Horde ended. The gathering had been begun by Ivan Kalita in the fourteenth century.
Михаил Кутузов correct Александр Суворов your answer Suvorov was a commander of Catherine II's era who died in 1800, twelve years before the war with Napoleon. Георгий Жуков your answer Zhukov was a marshal of the Great Patriotic War in the twentieth century, more than a century after 1812. Mikhail Kutuzov commanded the Russian army in the Patriotic War of 1812, whose main battle was Borodino. The codifier's three commanders each belong to their war: Suvorov under Catherine II, Kutuzov in 1812, Zhukov in the Great Patriotic War.
Сергей Прокофьев your answer Prokofiev was a twentieth-century composer who wrote music, including the ballet Romeo and Juliet. Михаил Шолохов correct Михаил Булгаков your answer Bulgakov was also a twentieth-century writer, but the author of The Master and Margarita. Both names are in the codifier and get confused. Mikhail Sholokhov was a twentieth-century writer, author of And Quiet Flows the Don and a Nobel laureate in literature. In the citizenship codifier the twentieth-century figures form their own group. Tie each name to its main work rather than to the era, which they share.
Первый космонавт your answer The first cosmonaut was Yuri Gagarin. Kalashnikov worked in a different field. Физик, лауреат Нобелевской премии your answer The Nobel physics laureate on this list was Zhores Alferov. Kalashnikov was a designer, not a theoretical physicist. Конструктор стрелкового оружия correct Mikhail Kalashnikov was a small-arms designer, creator of the rifle that bears his name. In the group of later twentieth-century scientists the codifier also names Zhores Alferov, a Nobel physics laureate. Learn them as name-and-achievement pairs.
