Законодательная, исполнительная и судебная correct Федеральная, региональная и местная your answer That is a division by levels, not by branches. Levels and branches are two different divisions existing at once. Президентская, парламентская и народная your answer No such division exists in the Constitution. The President does not form a separate branch: he is head of state and ensures the coordinated work of the authorities. State power in Russia is divided into legislative, executive and judicial branches, each independent. At federal level the legislature is the Federal Assembly of two chambers, the Federation Council and the State Duma; the executive is the Government; the judiciary is the courts. Separation of powers is a principle of the constitutional order.
Длительное проживание за границей your answer Living abroad does not by itself end citizenship. A Russian citizen keeps it regardless of where they live. Выход из гражданства correct Вступление в брак с иностранцем your answer Marriage to a foreign national does not affect citizenship: neither acquisition nor loss follows automatically. The law names two grounds for terminating Russian citizenship: renunciation and other grounds provided by federal law or international treaty. Renunciation is a voluntary act on the person's own application. Neither living abroad nor marrying a foreigner ends citizenship — a common misconception the exam tests.
Устное обещание одной стороны your answer A promise by one side is not a contract: a contract requires the agreement of at least two. Unilateral acts are a different category. Решение суда your answer A court decision is an act of a state body, not an agreement between parties. A court may order a contract performed, but is not itself a contract. Соглашение двух или более лиц об установлении, изменении или прекращении прав и обязанностей correct A contract is an agreement between two or more persons to establish, change or end civil rights and obligations. The core principle is freedom of contract: the parties decide whether to enter one and on what terms, provided the terms do not contravene the law.
Квартира correct Автомобиль your answer A car is movable property: it can be moved without damage. Registration does not make it real estate. Деньги на счёте your answer Money is movable property — more precisely a claim against the bank. It is not real estate. Real estate is what is firmly attached to land and cannot be moved without disproportionate damage: land plots, buildings, flats, premises. Everything else is movable: cars, money, goods. The difference is practical — real-estate transactions require state registration, and ownership arises on entry in the register, not on signing.
Да, по решению любого государственного органа your answer No body has such a power. The prohibition is written into the Constitution itself. Нет, Конституция это запрещает correct Да, если он долго живёт за границей your answer Living abroad does not affect citizenship. A citizen keeps it regardless of place of residence. The Constitution states plainly that a citizen of the Russian Federation may not be deprived of citizenship or of the right to change it. Citizenship can end only by the person's own will, through renunciation, or on grounds expressly named by federal law.
Только тот, с кем ребёнок живёт your answer The duty lies on both parents regardless of whether they live together. The parent living apart pays maintenance. Только если родители состоят в браке your answer The duty does not depend on the parents being married. It arises from the child's parentage, not from marital status. Да, это обязанность обоих родителей correct Parents are obliged to support their minor children — a duty on both, independent of whether they are married to each other or live together. A parent living apart pays maintenance, by agreement or through a court. Adult children able to work must in turn support parents unable to work.
Человек, его права и свободы correct Государство и его интересы your answer The Constitution places the person above the state: Article 2 says it is the state that must protect human rights, not the other way round. Собственность your answer The Constitution protects property but does not call it the highest value. These are claims of different weight. Article 2 of the Constitution: “The individual and their rights and freedoms are the highest value. Recognising, observing and protecting them is the duty of the state.”
Президент your answer The President is the highest official, but power comes to them from the people at elections, not the reverse. Многонациональный народ Российской Федерации correct Правительство your answer The Government is the executive; it is appointed and accountable. The Constitution names the people as the source of power. Article 3: “The bearer of sovereignty and the sole source of power in the Russian Federation is its multi-ethnic people.” The people exercise power directly and through bodies of state and local government.
Только устно, по договорённости с работодателем your answer A verbal agreement is not a contract: the law requires written form, and it is precisely what you cannot prove in a pay dispute. В письменной форме, в двух экземплярах correct В форме записи в трудовой книжке your answer A work record book confirms length of service but is not a contract: it contains neither pay nor the parties’ obligations. An employment contract is made in writing in two copies, one for each party. The employee’s copy, signed by the employer, is the only thing that proves the agreed pay in a dispute.
Три месяца correct Один год your answer The law allows a year for nobody: even for senior managers the limit is six months. Сколько работодатель напишет в договоре your answer A contract term that worsens the employee’s position compared with the law has no effect: a probation period beyond the limit is simply void. Under the Labour Code probation may not exceed three months, or six for heads of organisations and chief accountants. During probation all the employee’s rights apply, including pay no lower than agreed.
За две недели correct За месяц your answer A month applies to the head of an organisation. An ordinary employee gives two weeks’ notice. Предупреждать не нужно your answer Leaving without notice counts as absenteeism: the employer may dismiss you under a different article, one that harms you. The employee gives the employer two weeks’ written notice. By mutual agreement you may leave sooner. On the last day the employer must return the work record book and settle up in full.
В органах записи актов гражданского состояния (ЗАГС) correct В церкви, мечети или другом религиозном учреждении your answer A religious ceremony is not recognised by the state as a marriage: only registration at the civil registry office has legal effect. У нотариуса your answer A notary certifies documents and transactions but does not register marriages — that is the registry office’s power. Marriage is registered at the civil registry office with both parties present, as a rule a month after the application. The mandatory conditions are mutual consent and reaching the marriageable age of 18.
Если оба супруга согласны и детей нет your answer That is the registry-office case: with mutual consent and no minor children in common, no court is needed. Если у супругов есть общие несовершеннолетние дети correct Если брак длился меньше года your answer The length of the marriage changes nothing by itself: the law looks at consent and whether there are children. A marriage is dissolved in court if the spouses have minor children together or one of them objects. Otherwise the registry office suffices. In court the judge also decides who the children live with and how maintenance is paid.
Владение, пользование и распоряжение correct Только пользование your answer Use is only one of the three powers. A tenant uses a thing but does not become its owner. Владение и охрана your answer Protection is a duty of the state, not a power of the owner. The third power is disposal: to sell, give away or bequeath. Ownership consists of three powers: possession (you hold the thing), use (you derive benefit from it) and disposal (you decide its fate — sell, give, bequeath).
Покупка автомобиля у частного лица your answer A car sale contract is made in simple written form; a notary is not required. Завещание correct Аренда квартиры на одиннадцать месяцев your answer A residential lease for less than a year needs neither a notary nor registration — which is why such leases are so often eleven months long. A will must be certified by a notary: it is a one-sided transaction, and after the person’s death their intent can no longer be checked. A notary is also required for annuity contracts and certain transactions with shares in real estate.
Действительные документ, удостоверяющий личность, и виза, если она нужна correct Только миграционная карта your answer The migration card is issued on entry, so it appears only after you cross the border. It cannot grant the right to enter. Приглашение от работодателя your answer An invitation is grounds for obtaining a visa, not a substitute for documents: at the border you present a passport and visa. Entry to Russia requires valid identity documents recognised as such, and a visa where one is required for your citizenship. A visa-free regime applies with a number of countries.
В течение семи рабочих дней correct В течение тридцати календарных дней your answer Thirty days applies to citizens of EAEU states who came to work. The general rule is different and shorter. В течение года your answer The law gives a year to nobody: registration exists so the state knows where a person is NOW. As a general rule the host party files the arrival notification within seven working days. There are exceptions: a hotel — one working day; citizens of Tajikistan — fifteen days; EAEU citizens who came to work — thirty days.
Только устное предупреждение your answer Such breaches do not end with a verbal warning: the Administrative Code provides for a fine and, in some cases, removal from the country. Штраф, а в ряде случаев административное выдворение за пределы России correct Лишение гражданства своей страны your answer Russia cannot strip you of another state’s citizenship: only the country whose citizen you are decides that. For breaching entry rules or the terms of stay, the Administrative Code provides for a fine and, for repeated or gross breaches, administrative removal. After removal a ban on entry for several years is imposed.
Приобретение недвижимости в России your answer Buying a flat grants no citizenship: the law lists other grounds, and property ownership is not among them. Рождение и приём в гражданство correct Регистрация брака с гражданином России your answer Marriage by itself grants no citizenship: it may shorten the required period of residence, but admission is still needed. The law lists the grounds for acquiring citizenship: by birth, by admission, by recognition as a citizen, and under an international treaty. Marriage and property are not grounds in themselves.
Вид на жительство correct Миграционная карта your answer A migration card confirms only the fact of entry and the period of stay, not the right to live permanently. Патент your answer A work permit grants the right to work, not to reside: it is a labour authorisation. A residence permit confirms the right to live permanently and to enter and leave freely. A temporary residence permit allows you to live in Russia temporarily, usually for three years.
Две: законодательная и исполнительная your answer Two is not enough: without an independent court no one would review the authorities’ decisions. The Constitution names three branches. Три: законодательная, исполнительная и судебная correct Четыре, включая прокуратуру your answer The prosecutor’s office is part of the system of state bodies, but the Constitution does not name it a separate branch. Article 10: state power is exercised on the basis of division into legislative, executive and judicial branches, and the bodies of each are independent.
Православное государство your answer The Constitution names no religion as the state religion: Article 14 speaks of a secular state. Государство без права на веру your answer A secular state does not ban belief; it separates religious associations from the state, and freedom of religion is guaranteed to all. Светское государство, никакая религия не может быть государственной correct Article 14: the Russian Federation is a secular state; no religion may be established as a state or compulsory religion; religious associations are separate from the state and equal before the law.
С 14 лет your answer At 14 you receive a passport and gain partial capacity, but you still cannot dispose of property on your own. С 18 лет correct С 21 года your answer Twenty-one is the age of majority in some other countries, but not in Russia. Full legal capacity comes at 18: a person may enter transactions and answer for them. Earlier only upon marriage or emancipation, when a teenager works under an employment contract.
Тот родитель, с кем ребёнок остался жить your answer The duty to support lies on BOTH parents: the one living apart pays maintenance. Оба родителя независимо от того, с кем живёт ребёнок correct Государство your answer The state helps with benefits, but the Family Code places the duty to support a child on the parents. Both parents must support their minor children. The parent living apart pays maintenance, by agreement or court order. The parents’ divorce does not reduce the child’s rights.
Президент your answer The president is elected by the people and exercises power but is not its source. Article 3 says exactly this. Правительство your answer The government is the executive: it is appointed and is not the source of power. Многонациональный народ correct Article 3 of the Constitution: “The bearer of sovereignty and the sole source of power in the Russian Federation is its multinational people.” The highest expression of that power is a referendum and free elections. “Multinational” is not decoration here: Russia is a federation of dozens of peoples, and this is stated in the first chapter.
Десять лет your answer The law does not require ten years. That figure is sometimes named by mistake, confusing Russia with other countries. Один год your answer One year applies to certain preferential grounds, not the general rule. The general term is longer. Пять лет correct Under the general procedure Russian citizenship can be sought after five years of continuous residence on a residence permit. Continuous means leaving the country for no more than three months in a year. Preferential grounds with shorter terms exist — for certain categories and through marriage; check your own ground rather than the general rule.
Не более 40 часов в неделю correct Не более 60 часов в неделю your answer Sixty hours is already overtime, which is limited and paid separately. It cannot be the norm. Не более 24 часов в неделю your answer Twenty-four hours is a reduced week, set for particular categories such as workers under sixteen. Labour Code, article 91: normal working time is no more than forty hours a week. Anything beyond is overtime: it requires the employee’s consent, is capped in hours and is paid at a higher rate. This rule works identically for Russian citizens and foreign workers.
С 21 года your answer The law does not require twenty-one. The age of majority in Russia is eighteen. С 18 лет correct С 16 лет your answer From sixteen marriage is possible only for valid reasons and with permission from local authorities. That is an exception, not the general rule. Family Code, article 13: the marriage age is eighteen. For valid reasons it can be lowered to sixteen with permission from local authorities. Marriage is registered at a civil registry office, with both parties present in person and only by mutual voluntary consent: coercion makes the marriage void.
Работодатель в любом случае your answer The employer registers you only if they are also the host — for instance if you live in their dormitory. Employment alone creates no such duty. Принимающая сторона correct Сам иностранный гражданин your answer The notice is filed by the host — the person you live with. The foreign national does it only in specific cases, such as owning the accommodation. Federal law 109-FZ on migration registration: the arrival notice is filed by the host — a Russian citizen, a foreigner with a residence permit, or an organisation where the person actually lives. The general term is seven working days from arrival; thirty days for EAEU citizens, fifteen for citizens of Tajikistan. Both sides bear responsibility for failure to register.
Штраф без выезда из страны your answer A fine is a separate measure unrelated to leaving. Deportation means forcible removal. Принудительную высылку из России correct Запрет менять место работы your answer Work restrictions exist, but that is not deportation. Deportation is about leaving the country, not changing employers. Deportation is the forcible removal of a foreign national from Russia when the legal grounds for staying are gone. It must be distinguished from related measures, all in the codifier: administrative expulsion is ordered by a court for an offence; an undesirability-of-stay ruling is issued by an authorised body; an entry ban closes the door for three to ten years. All mean leaving, but each is imposed differently.
Две: федеральная и региональная your answer That is a division by level, not by branch. Federal and regional authorities exist within each of the three branches. Четыре: с добавлением президентской your answer Under the Constitution the president belongs to none of the branches and ensures their co-ordinated work. The Constitution establishes no fourth branch. Три: законодательная, исполнительная, судебная correct Article 10 of the Constitution: state power is exercised on the basis of division into legislative, executive and judicial branches. At federal level the legislature is the Federal Assembly of two chambers — the Federation Council and the State Duma; the executive is the Government; the judiciary is the courts. The president belongs to no branch and ensures they act in concert.
Из трёх your answer There are no three-chamber parliaments anywhere. The number is one or two. Из одной your answer Russia’s parliament has not been unicameral since 1993. The Constitution names two chambers outright. Из двух correct The Federal Assembly — Russia’s parliament — has two chambers: the Federation Council (upper) and the State Duma (lower). The Duma passes federal laws; the Council approves them. Questions about the structure of the state come up more often in the citizenship exam than at other levels: here it is the machinery of government being tested, not everyday rules.
Квартира your answer Housing is an ordinary object of ownership. Foreign nationals may own a flat in Russia too. Автомобиль your answer A vehicle is likewise an ordinary object of ownership; anyone may own one. Право избирать и быть избранным correct Under the Civil Code the objects of civil rights are things, money, securities, the results of work and services, and intellectual property. The right to vote is a political right of a citizen: it cannot be bought, sold or inherited, so it is never an object of ownership. And one more thing: only citizens may vote or stand for election in Russia. That is precisely what distinguishes citizenship from a residence permit.
Любой разговор о деньгах your answer A conversation by itself creates no rights or duties. A transaction is an act intended to create them. Только письменный договор с печатью your answer Transactions can be oral: buying bread in a shop is a transaction too. A seal is not always required. Действие, направленное на установление, изменение или прекращение гражданских прав correct Civil Code, article 153: transactions are acts of individuals and legal entities aimed at creating, altering or terminating civil rights and duties. They may be oral or written; written form is obligatory between organisations and for individuals above a statutory threshold. A contract is a type of transaction involving at least two parties.
Только недвижимость your answer Any property can be joint: income, deposits, a car, belongings. The law has no limit to real estate. Всё имущество, нажитое в браке correct Только то, что записано на обоих your answer What is written on the papers does not decide it: property bought during the marriage is joint even if registered to one spouse. Family Code, article 34: property acquired by spouses during marriage is their joint property, regardless of whose name is on the papers or who paid. Excluded: property owned before the marriage, and anything received as a gift or by inheritance. Spouses may agree a different regime in a marriage contract — the contractual property regime.
Право занимать государственные должности и голосовать correct Право работать без патента your answer Working without a patent is already possible with a residence permit — that advantage comes before citizenship. Право владеть квартирой your answer Foreign nationals may own real estate in Russia. Ownership is not tied to citizenship. The difference between a residence permit and citizenship lies neither in work nor in property — both are open to a permanent resident. Citizenship brings political rights: voting and standing for election, taking part in referendums, holding public office, serving in the army, plus state protection abroad and immunity from expulsion. That is the answer to “why citizenship if I have a residence permit”.
Водительское удостоверение your answer A driving licence confirms permission to drive, not identity in general. For most purposes it is not enough. Полис обязательного медицинского страхования your answer The insurance policy grants access to medical care but does not prove identity: it has no photograph. Паспорт гражданина Российской Федерации correct The main document proving the identity of a Russian citizen inside the country is the internal passport of the Russian Federation. The first is issued at 14 and replaced at 20 and 45. For a foreign national the equivalent is their own country’s passport, while the legality of their stay is proved by separate documents: the migration card, the registration notice, a patent, a temporary residence permit or a residence permit.
Только предупреждение your answer A warning does not cover this: it is treated as a serious breach and punished with a fine. Ничего, отвечает только работник your answer Both sides are liable. Fines for the employer are far higher than for the worker — the law makes the breach unprofitable for the employer above all. Крупный штраф или приостановка деятельности correct Code of Administrative Offences, article 18.15: employing a foreign national without the required documents brings the employer a large fine and can suspend the organisation’s operations. The worker is liable too — a fine, and expulsion on a repeat offence. The practical lesson: working “without papers” is dangerous for both sides, and an offer to work that way is not a favour but a risk.
14 календарных дней your answer Fourteen days is the minimum unbroken part of the leave, not the whole entitlement. 28 календарных дней correct 45 календарных дней your answer Forty-five days is the extended leave of certain categories such as teachers. The general norm is lower. Labour Code, article 115: the annual paid leave is 28 calendar days. It may be split, but one part must be at least fourteen consecutive days. The right to leave arises after six months of continuous work with one employer, or earlier by agreement. The rule is the same for Russian citizens and foreign workers.
Нет, второе гражданство запрещено your answer The law does not ban a second citizenship. There is a duty to report it, and restrictions for certain posts. Да, и Россия признаёт оба гражданства равными your answer Inside Russia a person with two citizenships is treated solely as a Russian citizen: the second citizenship grants no rights here and removes no duties. Да, но Россия рассматривает его только как гражданина России correct A second citizenship is not prohibited, but its legal effect is limited: inside Russia a person with two passports is treated solely as a Russian citizen. Acquiring another citizenship or a foreign residence permit must be reported to the Interior Ministry. For a number of public offices and for service, a second citizenship is a bar.
Состоять в общественной организации your answer The Constitution guarantees freedom of association rather than requiring it: no one may be compelled to join or remain in an association. Платить законно установленные налоги и сборы correct Иметь высшее образование your answer The Constitution makes only basic general education compulsory, and that is a duty of parents towards their children, not a duty on everyone to obtain a degree. Article 57 of the Constitution: everyone must pay lawfully established taxes and levies. The word “everyone” matters: the duty falls not only on citizens but on foreigners earning income in Russia. Other constitutional duties: to preserve nature, to protect monuments of history and culture, to defend the Fatherland (a duty of citizens), and to care for children and for parents unable to work.
В суд correct Только к работодателю your answer The employer is a party to the dispute, not the one who resolves it. You may approach them, but the court protects the right. Никуда, если нет гражданства России your answer The Constitution grants the right to judicial protection to EVERYONE, not only citizens. A foreigner goes to court on the same footing. Civil Code, article 11: violated civil rights are protected by the court. The remedies are listed in article 12: recognition of the right, compensation for losses, recovery of penalties, compensation for moral harm and others. Important for a foreign national: article 46 of the Constitution guarantees judicial protection to EVERYONE. Lacking Russian citizenship does not remove the right to go to court — in an employment dispute or any other.
Демократическое федеративное правовое государство с республиканской формой правления correct Унитарное государство с монархической формой правления your answer The monarchy ended in 1917. Russia is a republic, and the state is federal rather than unitary: it is made up of constituent regions. Союз независимых государств your answer A commonwealth of independent states is an interstate association. Russia is a single state, not a union. Article 1 of the Constitution defines Russia as a democratic federal law-governed state with a republican form of government. Word by word: democratic — power comes from the people; federal — made up of constituent regions; law-governed — power is bound by law; republic — the head of state is elected, not inherited.
Религия в стране запрещена your answer Freedom of religion is guaranteed by the Constitution. A secular state does not ban religion; it separates it from government. Никакая религия не может быть государственной или обязательной correct Есть одна главная религия your answer There is no principal religion: the Constitution states plainly that no religion may be established as the state religion. A secular state means religion is separate from the state: no faith is official or compulsory, and religious associations are separate from government bodies and equal before the law. Freedom of religion is guaranteed to everyone.
Покупка недвижимости в России your answer Buying property does not confer citizenship. It may help prove a place of residence, but it is not a ground for acquiring citizenship. Работа в России более пяти лет your answer Length of employment does not by itself confer citizenship. It may be taken into account in the general procedure. Приём в гражданство correct The law names several grounds for acquiring Russian citizenship: by birth, by admission to citizenship, by restoration of citizenship, and on other grounds provided by law or international treaty. Admission is what most people go through. Buying property and length of employment are not on the list.
Владение, пользование и распоряжение имуществом correct Только право пользоваться вещью your answer Use is only one of the three powers. A tenant uses a flat but cannot dispose of it: they cannot sell someone else's property. Только право продать вещь your answer Disposal is likewise one of three. An owner not only sells but also possesses and uses the thing. Ownership consists of three powers: possession — the thing is with you; use — you draw benefit from it; disposal — you decide its fate and may sell, give or bequeath it. Renting shows the difference: a tenant possesses and uses but does not dispose. This triad is a basic concept of civil law.
Только договор между организациями your answer A transaction can be made by one person alone: a will, a power of attorney, a renunciation of inheritance are all unilateral transactions. Действие, направленное на возникновение, изменение или прекращение прав и обязанностей correct Только покупка и продажа your answer Sale and purchase is only one kind of transaction. Lease, gift, loan and provision of services are transactions too. A transaction is an act by individuals or organisations aimed at creating, changing or ending civil rights and obligations. Transactions may be unilateral (a will, a power of attorney) or bilateral — the latter being a contract. The required form depends on the type.
С 14 лет your answer From fourteen only in special cases: light work, outside school hours and with parental consent. The general rule is sixteen. С 18 лет your answer Full legal capacity begins at eighteen, but an employment contract can as a rule be made from sixteen. С 16 лет correct As a general rule an employment contract may be concluded from the age of sixteen. Earlier only in special cases: from fifteen after completing basic general education, from fourteen for light work with parental and guardianship consent. The contract is always in writing, in two copies.
С 18 лет correct С 16 лет your answer From sixteen marriage is possible only with valid reasons and permission from the local authority. The general rule is eighteen. С 21 года your answer No such age exists in the law. Eighteen is both the age of full legal capacity and the general marriage age. The marriage age in Russia is eighteen, matching the age of full legal capacity. With valid reasons the local administration may allow marriage from sixteen. Only a marriage registered with the civil registry office is recognised; a religious ceremony creates no legal consequences.
Тому, кто его купил your answer As a general rule property acquired during marriage is joint, regardless of whose name it is in or who earned the money. Обоим супругам совместно correct Тому, на кого оформлены документы your answer Registering it in one spouse's name does not make the property personal: the joint-ownership regime applies regardless of the paperwork. Property acquired by spouses during marriage is by law their joint property, regardless of who earned it or whose name is on the papers. What was owned before the marriage, or received as a gift or inheritance, remains personal. A different arrangement can be set by a marriage contract.
Согласие родителей your answer Parental consent is required only for marriage under eighteen. As a rule those marrying decide for themselves. Наличие общего имущества your answer Property has nothing to do with entering a marriage. Joint ownership is a consequence of marriage, not a condition for it. Взаимное добровольное согласие мужчины и женщины correct Marriage requires the mutual voluntary consent of a man and a woman and attainment of the marriage age. The law also lists impediments: an existing registered marriage, close kinship, adoption, or legal incapacity. Marriage is concluded at the civil registry office.
Не более 40 часов correct Не более 48 часов your answer Forty-eight is not the standard. The normal working week is set at forty hours. Не более 60 часов your answer Sixty hours exceeds the standard. Work beyond it counts as overtime, is paid at a higher rate and is limited in duration. Normal working time is no more than forty hours a week. It is reduced for certain categories: minors, disabled workers, those in hazardous jobs. Work beyond the norm is overtime: it requires the worker's consent, is limited in duration and paid at a higher rate. All of this applies equally to foreign workers.
Только характеристику your answer A reference is issued on request and not always. What is mandatory is different: employment records and all money owed. Трудовую книжку или сведения о трудовой деятельности и произвести полный расчёт correct Ничего, все документы остаются у работодателя your answer Employment records belong to the worker. An employer has no right to withhold them — that is a breach and can be challenged. On the day of dismissal the employer must hand over the work record book or the record of employment and settle in full: wages for time worked and compensation for unused leave. Delay in settlement is a breach carrying interest. If documents are withheld, go to the labour inspectorate or a court.
Только внутренний паспорт your answer An internal passport proves identity inside the country. Crossing the border requires a foreign-travel passport, except with certain countries under special agreements. Разрешение работодателя your answer An employer has nothing to do with travel. The right to leave and return freely is guaranteed by the Constitution. Заграничный паспорт correct A Russian citizen has the right to leave the country freely and return without hindrance — this is in the Constitution. A foreign-travel passport is needed to leave. The right may be temporarily restricted in cases named by law, such as unfulfilled obligations established by a court.
