The text and the recording are ours, read by a speech synthesiser. At the exam the recording is read by announcers. Каким событиям посвящён праздник?
освобождению Москвы народным ополчением correct окончанию Великой Отечественной войны your answer The Great Patriotic War is never mentioned. This substitutes the best-known event for the one actually heard. принятию Конституции your answer The Constitution is never mentioned. The holiday is explained outright in the second sentence: the militia liberated Moscow. The text: “The holiday commemorates the events of sixteen twelve, when the people’s militia liberated Moscow from Polish troops.” The technique: in a text full of dates and names, hold three anchors — who, where, when. The rest can pass you by: the questions ask about those.
The text and the recording are ours, read by a speech synthesiser. At the exam the recording is read by announcers. Где собрали народное ополчение?
в Москве your answer Moscow was liberated; the militia was raised in another city. The text names the two places differently. в Нижнем Новгороде correct в Санкт-Петербурге your answer St Petersburg did not exist in sixteen twelve, and it is not named. Check whether the place named is possible at the time named. The text: “The militia was raised in Nizhny Novgorod: the funds were collected by the town elder Kuzma Minin.” The technique: in a text full of dates and names, hold three anchors — who, where, when. The rest can pass you by: the questions ask about those.
The text and the recording are ours, read by a speech synthesiser. At the exam the recording is read by announcers. Кто возглавил войско?
Кузьма Минин your answer Minin is named, but with a different role: he raised the money. Two names side by side are the classic trap — the point is not to hear a name but to tie it to an action. князь Дмитрий Пожарский correct Пётр Первый your answer Peter the First is not in this text: he lived almost a century after these events. The text: “the funds were collected by the town elder Kuzma Minin, and the army was led by Prince Dmitry Pozharsky.” The technique: in a text full of dates and names, hold three anchors — who, where, when. The rest can pass you by: the questions ask about those.
The text and the recording are ours, read by a speech synthesiser. At the exam the recording is read by announcers. Почему праздник называется Днём народного единства?
в ополчение шли люди разных сословий и народов correct потому что он выходной для всех your answer The day off is mentioned, but as a fact about the holiday today, not as the reason for its name. The reason is a separate sentence. потому что его отмечает вся страна your answer That could be said of any national holiday. The text gives a specific explanation — the make-up of the militia. The text: “People of every estate and many peoples joined the militia, and that is exactly why the holiday is called the Day of National Unity.” The technique: in a text full of dates and names, hold three anchors — who, where, when. The rest can pass you by: the questions ask about those.
The text and the recording are ours, read by a speech synthesiser. At the exam the recording is read by announcers. Памятник Минину и Пожарскому стоит
в Нижнем Новгороде your answer The militia was raised in Nizhny Novgorod, but the monument in question stands elsewhere, and the text says where. на Красной площади в Москве correct в Кремле your answer The Kremlin is not named. Red Square is: it is next to the Kremlin, but they are different places and cannot be swapped. The text: “The monument to Minin and Pozharsky stands on Red Square in Moscow, and it was erected in eighteen eighteen.” The technique: in a text full of dates and names, hold three anchors — who, where, when. The rest can pass you by: the questions ask about those.
The text and the recording are ours, read by a speech synthesiser. At the exam the recording is read by announcers. В каком году человек впервые полетел в космос?
в тысяча девятьсот шестьдесят первом correct в тысяча девятьсот шестьдесят втором your answer Sixty-two is also in the text, but with a different event: from that year the twelfth of April became a holiday. Two adjacent dates are the classic swap. в две тысячи одиннадцатом your answer Twenty eleven is when the day was declared international, not the year of the flight. It is the third date in the text and belongs to the latest event. The first line: “On the twelfth of April nineteen sixty-one a human being flew into space for the first time.” The technique: in a text full of dates and names, hold three anchors — who, where, when. The rest can pass you by: the questions ask about those.
Две correct Одну your answer One tablet is a single dose. “Twice a day” means two such doses, so two tablets per day. Четыре your answer Four comes from multiplying wrongly: one tablet twice is two, not four. A medicine leaflet is read by three numbers: how much per dose, how many times a day, how many days. Words like “after food” refer to timing, not quantity, and must also be observed. If anything is unclear, ask the doctor or the pharmacy — it costs nothing.
Ждать окончания ремонта здесь your answer The notice gives no timeframe and states plainly where to go. Waiting indefinitely at a closed door is not what the text suggests. Идти в отделение на улице Мира, 12 correct Обратиться в это отделение по телефону your answer The branch is not operating at all. The notice offers another branch, not another channel. Notices about temporary closure almost always have two parts: the reason and where to go instead. Look for the second — usually in smaller print, but it is the useful one. The phrase “в связи с” introduces the reason. This is the language of notices and worth recognising at a glance.
3 марта же your answer The period starts on the day of filing rather than ending on it. Thirty days is the time allowed for review. Через тридцать рабочих дней, то есть в мае your answer The text says “30 days” without the word “working”, so calendar days are counted. Working days would have been stated. Примерно в начале апреля correct The review period runs from the day the application is filed. Plain “30 days” means calendar days including weekends; “30 working days” is nearly six weeks. The difference matters, so check the wording every time. If the deadline passes with no reply, that is grounds for a complaint — the date on your copy is the proof.
Документы не примут, придётся прийти ещё раз correct Примут, а справку можно донести позже your answer The text says the opposite: an incomplete set is not accepted. An option to add papers later would be stated separately. Примут, но рассмотрят позже your answer This is not about the review period but about acceptance itself: an incomplete set is not taken at all. A “complete set” means every document on the list at once. If one is missing the application will not be accepted and the trip is wasted. Get the list in advance — from the official website or the notice board — and check it item by item before leaving home.
Со дня принятия решения your answer The text says “from the day of receipt”. The decision may have been taken earlier; what counts is when you received it. Со дня получения решения correct Со дня подачи заявления your answer Filing and receiving the decision are different moments, separated by the review period. The appeal clock runs from the second. The appeal period runs from the day you receive the decision — which is why the date you write when signing for it matters. There are two routes: a higher authority (faster and free) or a court. A missed deadline is restored only for a valid reason, which must be proved.
До 24-го числа your answer “Inclusive” adds the named day itself: the 25th is still within the deadline. До 25-го числа включительно correct До 26-го числа your answer The 26th is outside: “inclusive” extends the deadline to the named day only, not the next one. “Inclusive” means the named day counts. A short word, a whole day of difference — and in rent or permit payments that is the difference between on time and late.
Разговорный, как в переписке с друзьями your answer An explanatory note is a document filed with the record. A conversational style looks unserious and can work against its author. Эмоциональный, чтобы показать своё отношение your answer Emotion works against the author: it distracts from the facts, and the decision is made on the facts. Деловой: факты, даты, без оценок и эмоций correct An explanatory note is written in a business style: what happened, when and why — briefly and factually. Judgements, excuses and emotion have no place in it; they hinder rather than help. The structure matches an application: to whom, from whom, the substance, date, signature.
1 февраля 2000 года correct 2 января 2000 года your answer In Russian documents the order is day, month, year. The first number is the day, not the month. 2000-й день февраля your answer The third group of digits is the year. No such date exists. Russian forms use DD.MM.YYYY: day, month, year. Confusing this with the American order (month first) is a common source of errors, and such a form is sent back.
Слышь your answer “Слышь” is colloquial, fine only between close acquaintances. To a stranger it sounds aggressive. Извините correct Эй your answer “Эй” is a rude way to get attention. A passer-by has every right not to answer. Addressing a stranger in the street begins with “Извините” or “Простите”, then the question. The form “не подскажете ли” sounds softer than a direct question and counts as especially polite in Russian: negation in a question softens the request. Compare “Где аптека?” — blunt, with “Не подскажете, где аптека?” — polite. Worth remembering: it works in every request.
на correct в your answer “В поезд” means “into the carriage”: сел в поезд. A ticket, however, is bought FOR the transport. для your answer “Для” marks purpose or recipient: билет для сына. Here we are talking about the mode of transport. You buy a ticket FOR transport: на поезд, на автобус, на самолёт. But you board INTO it: в поезд, в автобус. Two prepositions with one noun, the choice set by the verb. A useful pair: купить билет НА поезд but сесть В поезд; опоздать НА поезд but забыть сумку В поезде.
понравил your answer No such word exists in Russian: the verb “нравиться” is used only with the particle -ся. понравилась your answer “Понравилась” is feminine while “фильм” is masculine. The verb agrees with WHAT was liked, not with WHO liked it. понравился correct The construction “мне нравится” is inverted compared with many languages: the person who likes stands in the dative (мне, тебе, ему), while the thing liked is the subject and the verb agrees with it. Мне понравился фильм, мне понравилась книга, мне понравилось кино. The rule: look not at “мне” but at what follows the verb.
за your answer “За два года” refers to a span of time in which something happened. Age difference is not expressed that way. на correct в your answer “В два раза” expresses a multiple: twice as old. Here we mean a difference in years, so “на”. A difference takes “на”: старше на два года, дороже на сто рублей. A multiple takes “в”: в два раза больше, втрое дороже. They must not be mixed, and the difference is real: “дороже на сто рублей” and “дороже в сто раз” are utterly different sums. Both appear constantly in adverts about discounts.
Ничего страшного, продолжайте. correct Да, вы мне помешали. your answer Formally true but impolite: an apology is accepted, not confirmed. Such a reply ends the conversation. Молчите, я говорю. your answer That is rudeness in reply to courtesy. Your interlocutor apologised; answering so starts a quarrel out of nothing. An apology in Russian is met with a formula of acceptance: “Ничего страшного”, “Ничего, всё в порядке”, “Не волнуйтесь”. The point is to remove the awkwardness, not to judge the act. This is part of speech etiquette and is tested separately: the codifier requires the ability to respond to your interlocutor with words that fit. In life such formulas decide more than vocabulary does.
«Эй, слушай!» your answer That is how you address close acquaintances, and not always. To a stranger it sounds rude and usually gets you refused. «Уважаемый гражданин, позвольте обратиться» your answer That is the language of a formal approach to an official. In the street it sounds unnatural and puts people on guard. «Извините, вы не подскажете…» correct You approach a stranger with an apology: «Извините», «Простите, пожалуйста», then the request itself, usually softened. At this level the exam tests not grammar but your ability to choose the right register — street, business or friendly.
«Извините, я не расслышал. Повторите, пожалуйста» correct «Что?» your answer A bare “what?” sounds sharp: the other person may take it for irritation. A polite request to repeat needs at least “sorry”. «Говорите громче» your answer That is an instruction rather than a request, and it puts the fault on the other person. It is politer to say that you did not catch it. A polite request to repeat has two parts: an apology and the request itself. The same formula works when you did not follow the meaning. Knowing how to ask again matters more than a rich vocabulary: it rescues any conversation.
«Вы всё сделали неправильно» your answer A flat accusation triggers defence rather than a check. The other person starts justifying instead of looking into it. «Мне кажется, здесь ошибка. Можно проверить ещё раз?» correct Промолчать и уйти your answer Silence solves nothing: the mistake stays and returning gets harder. Every consumer has the right to point out a defect. In polite Russian conversation an assessment is softened: “it seems to me”, “possibly there is a mistake here”. This is not weakness but a way to let the other person put things right without losing face — and they do it more readily. If softening does not work, the next step is a written complaint, not a raised voice.
«Ну наконец-то» your answer That is a reproach, not thanks: it devalues what was done and leaves a bad impression. Ничего не сказать your answer Silence here reads as impoliteness. A brief “thank you” costs nothing and changes the tone. «Спасибо большое, вы мне очень помогли» correct Etiquette formulas are a subject of the fourth-level exam in their own right. Thanks has two parts: the “thank you” and what for. Learn the neighbouring formulas in pairs: apology, request, refusal.
«К сожалению, завтра не смогу. Можно в четверг?» correct «Нет» your answer A one-word refusal sounds abrupt and cuts the conversation short. A polite refusal carries regret and, where possible, a counter-offer. «Посмотрим» your answer A vague answer creates false expectation: the other person will wait for you. It is more honest to say so and offer another time. A polite Russian refusal has three parts: regret, the refusal itself, and where possible an alternative. The third turns a refusal into a continuation of the conversation rather than its end. Vague answers only postpone the awkwardness.
«Суббота рабочая?» your answer A question with no greeting sounds abrupt. On the phone the other person cannot see you, and a polite opening helps them engage. «Здравствуйте! Подскажите, пожалуйста, вы работаете в субботу?» correct «Мне нужно прийти в субботу» your answer That states your intention rather than asking. The other person will not realise a reply is wanted. A phone question to an institution is built like this: greeting, a softening “could you tell me please”, then the question. Ask one thing at a time. If the answer matters, repeat it back aloud — that checks your understanding and is polite too.
рассмотреть your answer After «чтобы» with a different subject Russian uses the past form, not the infinitive. рассматриваете your answer «Рассматриваете» is present tense and is not used after «чтобы». The -ли form is needed. рассмотрели correct The conjunction «чтобы» behaves differently depending on who acts. Same subject — infinitive; different subjects — the -л form. This fourth-level rule is needed in any approach to an institution.
необходим correct необходимый your answer «Необходимый» is the long form, used before a noun as a modifier. As a predicate the short form is required. необходима your answer «Необходима» is feminine. «Документ» is masculine, so it takes «необходим». Short adjectives — необходим, нужен, обязателен, готов — serve as predicates and agree with the subject in gender and number. The long form goes before a noun. This is the language of official requirements and is tested regularly at this level.
который your answer «Который» introduces a modifier of a noun. A question about time needs «когда». когда correct что your answer «Что» introduces a statement of fact. Here it is the time that is being asked about. An indirect question is introduced by the same word as a direct one: when? — tell me when; where? — find out where. The conjunction «что» introduces a statement, not a question. The distinction matters when dealing with institutions.
от your answer «От» marks a source. The start of a period takes «с». в your answer «В 2019 году» names a whole point in time, not the start of a span continuing to the present. с correct The start of a period continuing to the present takes «с» with the genitive: с 2019 года. The end takes «до». For an action confined to one past moment, «в» is used. The difference between «с 2019 года» and «в 2019 году» is “ever since” versus “back then”.
с correct от your answer Paired with «по» it is always «с». The combination «от … по» does not exist in Russian. из your answer «Из» marks movement out of somewhere and does not apply to time. A span of time is set by two pairs of prepositions: «с … до …» and «с … по …». An important nuance: «по пятницу» includes Friday itself, whereas «до пятницы» does not. This appears constantly in institutional notices.
Император your answer The title of emperor was first taken by Peter I in 1721, almost two hundred years after Ivan the Terrible. Великий князь your answer Rulers of Rus before Ivan IV, including his father and grandfather, were grand princes. What was new was the title of tsar. Царь correct Ivan IV the Terrible was the first in Russian history to take the title of tsar, in 1547. Under him the state expanded eastwards. The chain of titles is short and is tested: grand prince — tsar (Ivan IV) — emperor (Peter I).
Период XVIII века, когда правители сменялись с помощью гвардии correct Период гражданской войны your answer The civil war was in 1917–1922, two centuries later. Palace coups were changes of ruler within the court, not a war. Период монгольского нашествия your answer The invasion was in the thirteenth century. Palace coups took place in the eighteenth, already within the Russian Empire. The era of palace coups covers the period between the death of Peter I in 1725 and the accession of Catherine II in 1762: rulers changed often and the guards regiments were decisive. It appears only in the citizenship codifier.
При Александре II your answer Alexander II ruled in the nineteenth century and was killed in 1881, thirty-three years before the war began. При Николае II correct При Петре I your answer Peter I ruled at the turn of the eighteenth century, two hundred years before the First World War. Nicholas II was the last Russian emperor, reigning from 1894. Under him Russia entered the First World War in 1914, and in 1917 he abdicated, ending the monarchy. Hold the chain of the last rulers: Alexander II — Alexander III — Nicholas II, then Lenin.
Борис Ельцин your answer Yeltsin became the first president of Russia after the USSR broke up. He led Russia, not the Soviet Union. Леонид Брежнев your answer Brezhnev led the USSR until 1982; two more leaders came before Gorbachev. Михаил Горбачёв correct Mikhail Gorbachev led the USSR from 1985 and was its last head: in 1991 the Soviet Union ceased to exist. His name is linked with perestroika and glasnost. After the break-up Boris Yeltsin became Russia's first president.
Николай Гоголь correct Михаил Глинка your answer Glinka was a composer, the founder of Russian classical music. He wrote operas, not books. Дмитрий Менделеев your answer Mendeleev was a chemist, creator of the periodic table, with no connection to literature. Nikolai Gogol was a nineteenth-century writer, author of Dead Souls, The Overcoat and The Government Inspector. The citizenship codifier has a wider list of names than the other levels. Learn them by era and field.
Иван Курчатов your answer Kurchatov led the Soviet atomic project in the mid-twentieth century. Radio was invented half a century earlier. Александр Попов correct Сергей Королёв your answer Korolev was a rocket designer working in the mid-twentieth century. His field was space, not communications. Alexander Popov invented radio, demonstrating the first receiver in 1895. Each scientist in the codifier group has his own achievement: Lomonosov the university, Mendeleev the periodic table, Popov radio, Tsiolkovsky the theory of spaceflight, Kurchatov atomic physics, Korolev rockets.
Юрий Гагарин your answer Gagarin was the first into space in 1961, but he did not leave the spacecraft. The first spacewalk is a different event and a different person. Валентина Терешкова your answer Tereshkova was the first woman in space, in 1963. She did not make a spacewalk. Алексей Леонов correct Alexei Leonov made the world's first spacewalk in 1965. The codifier's three cosmonauts go together and get confused: Gagarin the first flight in 1961, Tereshkova the first woman in 1963, Leonov the first spacewalk in 1965.
Отмена крепостного права correct Начало Первой мировой войны your answer The First World War began in 1914, more than half a century later. Образование СССР your answer The USSR was formed in 1922, sixty years later and after the revolution. In 1861 Emperor Alexander II abolished serfdom: peasants ceased to be the property of landowners. This spurred industrial growth as freed peasants went to work in factories and railway building began. The 1861 reform was followed by judicial, local-government and military reforms — together the Great Reforms.
Рюриковичи your answer The Rurikids ruled until the Time of Troubles and died out at the end of the sixteenth century. That is precisely why a tsar had to be elected in 1613. Романовы correct Годуновы your answer Boris Godunov ruled briefly, before the Time of Troubles, and founded no dynasty. In 1613 Mikhail Romanov was elected. In 1613 the Assembly of the Land elected Mikhail Romanov as tsar, beginning the Romanov dynasty that ruled until 1917, more than three hundred years. Before them came the Rurikids, whose line ended in the late sixteenth century; the interregnum between them is the Time of Troubles.
При Петре I your answer Peter I moved the capital to Saint Petersburg — the opposite move. Unification around Moscow was complete two hundred years earlier. При Александре Невском your answer Alexander Nevsky ruled in the thirteenth century, at the height of fragmentation and Horde dependence. Unification began later. При Иване III correct Under Ivan III, ruling in the second half of the fifteenth century, the Russian lands gathered around Moscow into a single state. In 1480, after the standoff on the Ugra, dependence on the Horde ended. The gathering had been begun by Ivan Kalita in the fourteenth century.
Михаил Кутузов correct Александр Суворов your answer Suvorov was a commander of Catherine II's era who died in 1800, twelve years before the war with Napoleon. Георгий Жуков your answer Zhukov was a marshal of the Great Patriotic War in the twentieth century, more than a century after 1812. Mikhail Kutuzov commanded the Russian army in the Patriotic War of 1812, whose main battle was Borodino. The codifier's three commanders each belong to their war: Suvorov under Catherine II, Kutuzov in 1812, Zhukov in the Great Patriotic War.
Сергей Прокофьев your answer Prokofiev was a twentieth-century composer who wrote music, including the ballet Romeo and Juliet. Михаил Шолохов correct Михаил Булгаков your answer Bulgakov was also a twentieth-century writer, but the author of The Master and Margarita. Both names are in the codifier and get confused. Mikhail Sholokhov was a twentieth-century writer, author of And Quiet Flows the Don and a Nobel laureate in literature. In the citizenship codifier the twentieth-century figures form their own group. Tie each name to its main work rather than to the era, which they share.
Первый космонавт your answer The first cosmonaut was Yuri Gagarin. Kalashnikov worked in a different field. Физик, лауреат Нобелевской премии your answer The Nobel physics laureate on this list was Zhores Alferov. Kalashnikov was a designer, not a theoretical physicist. Конструктор стрелкового оружия correct Mikhail Kalashnikov was a small-arms designer, creator of the rifle that bears his name. In the group of later twentieth-century scientists the codifier also names Zhores Alferov, a Nobel physics laureate. Learn them as name-and-achievement pairs.
Куликовская битва correct Отмена крепостного права your answer Serfdom was abolished in 1861. The Battle of Kulikovo was in 1380, almost five centuries earlier. Основание Санкт-Петербурга your answer Saint Petersburg was founded in 1703 under Peter I, more than three hundred years after the Battle of Kulikovo. The order is: 1380 Kulikovo, 1703 the founding of Saint Petersburg, 1861 the abolition of serfdom. The citizenship exam asks about sequence more often than about individual dates: the list of facts is longer than at other levels, and centuries are easier to hold than years.
Михаил Горбачёв your answer Gorbachev was president of the USSR, not of Russia. Different states, different offices. Владимир Ленин your answer Lenin led the state after the 1917 revolution, when the office of president did not exist. Борис Ельцин correct Boris Yeltsin was the first president of the Russian Federation, elected in 1991. Keep the two offices and two states apart: Gorbachev was president of the USSR, Yeltsin of Russia. It is one of the commonest confusions in modern history, since both held power in 1991.
Георгий Жуков correct Юрий Гагарин your answer Gagarin was a cosmonaut who flew into space in 1961, sixteen years after the war. Дмитрий Менделеев your answer Mendeleev was a nineteenth-century scientist who died in 1907, thirty-four years before the war began. Georgy Zhukov was a Marshal of the Soviet Union and one of the principal commanders of the Great Patriotic War; he took the Victory Parade in 1945. In the citizenship list soldiers, scientists, cosmonauts and cultural figures are mixed together, so check yourself by era rather than by name.
К 2014 году your answer 2014 is the year of the treaty admitting Crimea and Sevastopol — a separate codifier item and a different date. К 2022 году correct К 2015 году your answer 2015 is the year the Eurasian Economic Union treaty entered into force — an economic event unrelated to this item. The citizenship codifier assigns the start of the special military operation and the treaties admitting new regions to 2022. It is the most recent item in the list of historical dates, and the exam asks it in the same wording as the document.
Москва your answer Moscow is first mentioned in the chronicles only in 1147 — three centuries after the state appeared. Новгород your answer Novgorod is ancient and important, but the chronicle names a different capital for the united state: Prince Oleg moved it south. Киев correct Two dates: 862 — the founding of the state; 882 — Kyiv becomes the capital when Prince Oleg united Novgorod and Kyiv. Hence Kievan Rus.
Религия в стране запрещена your answer Freedom of religion is guaranteed by the Constitution. A secular state does not ban religion; it separates it from government. Никакая религия не может быть государственной или обязательной correct Есть одна главная религия your answer There is no principal religion: the Constitution states plainly that no religion may be established as the state religion. A secular state means religion is separate from the state: no faith is official or compulsory, and religious associations are separate from government bodies and equal before the law. Freedom of religion is guaranteed to everyone.
Покупка недвижимости в России your answer Buying property does not confer citizenship. It may help prove a place of residence, but it is not a ground for acquiring citizenship. Работа в России более пяти лет your answer Length of employment does not by itself confer citizenship. It may be taken into account in the general procedure. Приём в гражданство correct The law names several grounds for acquiring Russian citizenship: by birth, by admission to citizenship, by restoration of citizenship, and on other grounds provided by law or international treaty. Admission is what most people go through. Buying property and length of employment are not on the list.
Владение, пользование и распоряжение имуществом correct Только право пользоваться вещью your answer Use is only one of the three powers. A tenant uses a flat but cannot dispose of it: they cannot sell someone else's property. Только право продать вещь your answer Disposal is likewise one of three. An owner not only sells but also possesses and uses the thing. Ownership consists of three powers: possession — the thing is with you; use — you draw benefit from it; disposal — you decide its fate and may sell, give or bequeath it. Renting shows the difference: a tenant possesses and uses but does not dispose. This triad is a basic concept of civil law.
Только договор между организациями your answer A transaction can be made by one person alone: a will, a power of attorney, a renunciation of inheritance are all unilateral transactions. Действие, направленное на возникновение, изменение или прекращение прав и обязанностей correct Только покупка и продажа your answer Sale and purchase is only one kind of transaction. Lease, gift, loan and provision of services are transactions too. A transaction is an act by individuals or organisations aimed at creating, changing or ending civil rights and obligations. Transactions may be unilateral (a will, a power of attorney) or bilateral — the latter being a contract. The required form depends on the type.
С 14 лет your answer From fourteen only in special cases: light work, outside school hours and with parental consent. The general rule is sixteen. С 18 лет your answer Full legal capacity begins at eighteen, but an employment contract can as a rule be made from sixteen. С 16 лет correct As a general rule an employment contract may be concluded from the age of sixteen. Earlier only in special cases: from fifteen after completing basic general education, from fourteen for light work with parental and guardianship consent. The contract is always in writing, in two copies.
С 18 лет correct С 16 лет your answer From sixteen marriage is possible only with valid reasons and permission from the local authority. The general rule is eighteen. С 21 года your answer No such age exists in the law. Eighteen is both the age of full legal capacity and the general marriage age. The marriage age in Russia is eighteen, matching the age of full legal capacity. With valid reasons the local administration may allow marriage from sixteen. Only a marriage registered with the civil registry office is recognised; a religious ceremony creates no legal consequences.
Тому, кто его купил your answer As a general rule property acquired during marriage is joint, regardless of whose name it is in or who earned the money. Обоим супругам совместно correct Тому, на кого оформлены документы your answer Registering it in one spouse's name does not make the property personal: the joint-ownership regime applies regardless of the paperwork. Property acquired by spouses during marriage is by law their joint property, regardless of who earned it or whose name is on the papers. What was owned before the marriage, or received as a gift or inheritance, remains personal. A different arrangement can be set by a marriage contract.
Согласие родителей your answer Parental consent is required only for marriage under eighteen. As a rule those marrying decide for themselves. Наличие общего имущества your answer Property has nothing to do with entering a marriage. Joint ownership is a consequence of marriage, not a condition for it. Взаимное добровольное согласие мужчины и женщины correct Marriage requires the mutual voluntary consent of a man and a woman and attainment of the marriage age. The law also lists impediments: an existing registered marriage, close kinship, adoption, or legal incapacity. Marriage is concluded at the civil registry office.
Не более 40 часов correct Не более 48 часов your answer Forty-eight is not the standard. The normal working week is set at forty hours. Не более 60 часов your answer Sixty hours exceeds the standard. Work beyond it counts as overtime, is paid at a higher rate and is limited in duration. Normal working time is no more than forty hours a week. It is reduced for certain categories: minors, disabled workers, those in hazardous jobs. Work beyond the norm is overtime: it requires the worker's consent, is limited in duration and paid at a higher rate. All of this applies equally to foreign workers.
Только характеристику your answer A reference is issued on request and not always. What is mandatory is different: employment records and all money owed. Трудовую книжку или сведения о трудовой деятельности и произвести полный расчёт correct Ничего, все документы остаются у работодателя your answer Employment records belong to the worker. An employer has no right to withhold them — that is a breach and can be challenged. On the day of dismissal the employer must hand over the work record book or the record of employment and settle in full: wages for time worked and compensation for unused leave. Delay in settlement is a breach carrying interest. If documents are withheld, go to the labour inspectorate or a court.
Только внутренний паспорт your answer An internal passport proves identity inside the country. Crossing the border requires a foreign-travel passport, except with certain countries under special agreements. Разрешение работодателя your answer An employer has nothing to do with travel. The right to leave and return freely is guaranteed by the Constitution. Заграничный паспорт correct A Russian citizen has the right to leave the country freely and return without hindrance — this is in the Constitution. A foreign-travel passport is needed to leave. The right may be temporarily restricted in cases named by law, such as unfulfilled obligations established by a court.
Законодательная, исполнительная и судебная correct Федеральная, региональная и местная your answer That is a division by levels, not by branches. Levels and branches are two different divisions existing at once. Президентская, парламентская и народная your answer No such division exists in the Constitution. The President does not form a separate branch: he is head of state and ensures the coordinated work of the authorities. State power in Russia is divided into legislative, executive and judicial branches, each independent. At federal level the legislature is the Federal Assembly of two chambers, the Federation Council and the State Duma; the executive is the Government; the judiciary is the courts. Separation of powers is a principle of the constitutional order.
Длительное проживание за границей your answer Living abroad does not by itself end citizenship. A Russian citizen keeps it regardless of where they live. Выход из гражданства correct Вступление в брак с иностранцем your answer Marriage to a foreign national does not affect citizenship: neither acquisition nor loss follows automatically. The law names two grounds for terminating Russian citizenship: renunciation and other grounds provided by federal law or international treaty. Renunciation is a voluntary act on the person's own application. Neither living abroad nor marrying a foreigner ends citizenship — a common misconception the exam tests.
Устное обещание одной стороны your answer A promise by one side is not a contract: a contract requires the agreement of at least two. Unilateral acts are a different category. Решение суда your answer A court decision is an act of a state body, not an agreement between parties. A court may order a contract performed, but is not itself a contract. Соглашение двух или более лиц об установлении, изменении или прекращении прав и обязанностей correct A contract is an agreement between two or more persons to establish, change or end civil rights and obligations. The core principle is freedom of contract: the parties decide whether to enter one and on what terms, provided the terms do not contravene the law.
Квартира correct Автомобиль your answer A car is movable property: it can be moved without damage. Registration does not make it real estate. Деньги на счёте your answer Money is movable property — more precisely a claim against the bank. It is not real estate. Real estate is what is firmly attached to land and cannot be moved without disproportionate damage: land plots, buildings, flats, premises. Everything else is movable: cars, money, goods. The difference is practical — real-estate transactions require state registration, and ownership arises on entry in the register, not on signing.
Да, по решению любого государственного органа your answer No body has such a power. The prohibition is written into the Constitution itself. Нет, Конституция это запрещает correct Да, если он долго живёт за границей your answer Living abroad does not affect citizenship. A citizen keeps it regardless of place of residence. The Constitution states plainly that a citizen of the Russian Federation may not be deprived of citizenship or of the right to change it. Citizenship can end only by the person's own will, through renunciation, or on grounds expressly named by federal law.
Только тот, с кем ребёнок живёт your answer The duty lies on both parents regardless of whether they live together. The parent living apart pays maintenance. Только если родители состоят в браке your answer The duty does not depend on the parents being married. It arises from the child's parentage, not from marital status. Да, это обязанность обоих родителей correct Parents are obliged to support their minor children — a duty on both, independent of whether they are married to each other or live together. A parent living apart pays maintenance, by agreement or through a court. Adult children able to work must in turn support parents unable to work.
Человек, его права и свободы correct Государство и его интересы your answer The Constitution places the person above the state: Article 2 says it is the state that must protect human rights, not the other way round. Собственность your answer The Constitution protects property but does not call it the highest value. These are claims of different weight. Article 2 of the Constitution: “The individual and their rights and freedoms are the highest value. Recognising, observing and protecting them is the duty of the state.”
